• Removal or reduction of risk factors, such as stopping smoking is the first step to management of COPD.
  • Breathlessness in COPD is managed with long-acting bronchodilation. GOLD47 and NICE guidance recommend dual bronchodilation, although in clinical practice often single agent long-acting bronchodilation is used. Prescribers should be guided by local formulary guidance.
  • Inhaled therapy aims to relieve the symptoms of breathlessness in COPD.
  • Pharmacotherapy can reduce COPD symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, and improve health and exercise tolerance.47
  • Patients with COPD should be reviewed regularly to ensure that treatment is optimised.
  • Inhaler device selection is important, and patients should receive training in how to use the device and be able to use it. Sufficient inspiratory flow is needed for a dry powder inhaler (DPI) and if an individual can breathe in quickly and deeply over two to three seconds, they are likely to be able to manage a DPI. Those who are frail, elderly or the very young are less likely to have sufficient inspiratory flow and an MDI with spacer may be more appropriate.
  • Environmental impact of inhalers is a key consideration and prescribers are asked to consider inhalers with a lower global warming potential where it is appropriate for the patient (see Environmental impact of inhalers).
  • To prescribe most effectively for individuals with COPD the ‘what matters to you?’ principles and Polypharmacy 7-Steps approach are recommended.