All suspected cases should have an ultrasound examination; pre-test probability assessment and D-dimers are not used.

Initial treatment is the same as for lower limb DVT; recurrence rates for upper limb DVT after treatment for 3-6 months are low and it is likely that prolonged anticoagulation is not required for most patients. Further investigation is required to exclude thoracic outlet obstruction and individual cases should be discussed with radiology regarding further imaging.